Migration

• Migration refers to the movement by people or communities from one place to another with the intention of settling in the new location.

Laws of migration by E. G. Ravenstein(in 1890s)

1. Most migrants move only short distance.
2. Economic factors are the main cause of migration.
3. Females are more migratory than males.
4. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town moves into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distance area, and so on until the attractive forces[pull factors] are spent. There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption.
5. Each migratory flow produces a compensatory counter flow.
6. Long distance migration go to one of the great centre of commerce & industry.
7. Natives of the towns are less migratory than those of rural area.

Push-Pull theory on Migration

• Push factors initiate migration & refers to the adverse condition which disperse population, such factors originate at the source region. They are:
• • Economic Factors
  • Demographic factors
  • Social factors
  • Environmental factors
  • Cultural factors
  • Political factors
  • Dynamic factors
• Pull factors refers to the better conditions which attract population, such factors exists in the destination.

Lee's Model

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Mobility Transition Model by Zelinsky

• This model is the temporal analysis of migration behaviour. 
• It suggested that the various stages of the economic growth influences the nature and magnitude of migration.

     Stage I(Pre-Transition Society)

• • Agricultural Society
  • Low productivity, Surplus is absent
  • Religious & stagnant society
  • Pre-Newtonian society
  • Migration is only limited to short distance & socio cultural displacement(Rural to Rural).

     Stage II(Early Transition Society)

• • Industrial revolution & economic growth force huge rural migration to urban area because industries demand labour & the wage rates are higher than the rural area.
  • Such migrations are always economic migrations(Rural to Urban).

     Stage III(Late Transition Society)

• • The growth of urban centre, industrial & commercial towns and service sectors results in continued human displacement from rural to urban & from small urban centre to large urban centre to larger urban centre(Urban to Urban).

     Stage IV(Advance Society)

• • When economic development trickles down the lower runs of the society & the rural areas.
  • Then, migrations slows down and there is an inverse migration from urban centres to rural areas for recreational purposes.

     Stage V(Futuristic Society)

• • High economic development, consumption, consumerism, high per capita income & wage rates characterise this stage.
  • Nearly all migration will be inter-urban.

Other Models

• According to Zipf's Inverse Distance Law, the volume of migration is inversely proportional to the distant travelled by migrants. This is also called the Distance Decay Law.
• A no. of studies has not only examined the relationship between volume of migration & the distance but has also considered the influence of opportunities.
• In 1940, Stouffer proposed his theory of Intervening Opportunities, which says migration is directly proportional to the no. of opportunities at the distance and inversely proportional to the the no. of intervening opportunities.

Types of Migration

1. International Migrations
   • On spatial basis
   1. 1. Inter-continental
      2. Trans-Oceanic
   • On temporal basis
   • 1. Historical Migration(before 1680)
        • The migration of Magadh, which was military expansion of the empire into central asia, west asia, south-east asia.
        • Migration of Chola's in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, etc.
     2. Slave Migration(1680-1833)
        • In Virginia cargo, the African slaves were taken to Carrabian & US to work in railways, mining, etc.
        • Such migration had 50% mortality.
        • Indian migration during this period were limited from Chennai, Kochi, Goa, Calicut, etc.
     3. Indentured Labour Migration(1833-1905)
        • Indentured labour law replaced the Slaves Act.
        • Slaves law was abolished in 1833 and Indentured Labour law enacted, but it was hardly any different from the slave act because it created the bonded labours.
        • Most of the migrants were from India were from Bhojpur & Haryana because people from bhojpur had expertise in sugarcane cultivation.
     4. Recent Migration(1905- present)
        • Brain drain
        • Selected migration of professional.
        • the main cause of migration is economic factors
2. National Migration
   • Inter-State migration
   • • Assam - from Bangladesh, Santhal, Gorkhas, etc.
     • West Bengal - from Bihar, Odisha, North-East, etc.
     • Maharashtra - from the whole county, mainly to Mumbai
     • Tamil Nadu - from Kerala, AP, etc
     • Punjab - from Bihar, UP, MP, etc.
   • Regional Migration
   • 1. Rural to rural
        • 2/3rd of migrations are rural to rural. 
        • It is because of marriages, agricultural labourers, social tension, construction workers, etc.
        • Rural to rural migration of female migrants are primarily due to prevalence of patriarchal residence after migration.
     2. Rural to Urban
        • Around 17% of migration.
        • For higher wage rate, higher standard of living, health services, educational services, etc.
     3. Urban to Urban
        • Around 10% of migration.
        • From small centre to large urban centre for better standard of living.
     4. Urban to rural
        • Also called "Push-back migration" or "Inverse migration".
        • Around 6% of migration
        1. Mainly retired people for nostalgia & recreational purposes.